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Les droits de douane : une question toujours d'actualité. • Une libéralisation totale des droits de douane d'ici à 2010 - entraînant des progrès dans l'efficacité et la productivité - se traduirait par des gains de bien-être de l'ordre de 1 200 milliards de dollars (aux prix de 1995), soit 3 pour cent du PIB mondial en 2010. • Les pays en développement pourraient sans doute retirer de la libéralisation multilatérale des droits de douane des avantages relativement plus importants que les pays de l'OCDE, le gain global représentant près de 5 pour cent de leur PIB en 2010. • Les prochaines négociations de l'OMC permettront aux pays participants d'améliorer leur niveau de vie. Toutefois, pour les pays en développement, recueillir les avantages d'une telle libéralisation sera un véritable défi politique.
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Safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene are crucial to human health and wellbeing. These factors are a prerequisite to health since they play a crucial role in preventing the transmission of numerous waterborne pathogens and chemical contaminants. Another important factor that can affect people's health is air pollution. Special attention needs to be paid to developing countries, as these factors not only affect human health but also contribute to livelihoods, school attendance, and dignity and help create resilient communities living in healthy environments. This book provides insights into different aspects of hygiene, sanitation, water, and air pollution and their potential correlation with infectious diseases and human health. It also addresses important challenges and opportunities for improvement in developing countries. These are priority areas in which the world's leading health and humanitarian organizations, such as the WHO and UNICEF, are working intensively.
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This paper presents an assessment of the results of Brady plans for debtor countries which have implemented such agreements (Costa Rica, Mexico, the Philippines, Uruguay and Venezuela). First, we show that the relatively successful Mexican case cannot be generalized, due to the great diversity of the agreements signed. Hence a case-by-case analysis is essential. Second, we attempt to measure the distribution of wealth gains and losses among Brady plan participants. An original feature of this attempt is that we explicitly take account of the role of multilateral creditors in the burden sharing. In a simplified framework, Brady plans are interpreted as a "gift" from official creditors, which is, with one exception, fairly equally shared between banks and debtors. On completion of this analysis, the assessment is modified on a case-by-case basis in order to take account of efficiency gains specifically linked to the Brady deals. This does not lead to very optimistic conclusions about.
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UN. --- UN --- Developing countries --- Developing countries --- Developpement
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Women --- Kobieta. --- Women. --- Developing countries --- Developing countries.
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